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When my physician recommended that I begin taking fish oil for my well being, I discovered it straightforward to get good details about the well being advantages of fish oil in people.
However what about my pets? If folks profit from taking fish oil, may fish oil be good for cats, too?
The quick reply is sure, fish oil may be very useful to a cat’s well being, though there isn’t practically sufficient scientific analysis about this matter as any of us cat lovers would love. I’ll share what we learn about fish oil and cats on this publish.
Earlier than beginning any complement routine along with your treasured kitties, nevertheless, test along with your veterinarian. Cats with sure well being circumstances shouldn’t take fish oil, and cats on sure drugs ought to avoid fish oil, too. Even good issues aren’t good for each cat.
For many who wish to minimize to the chase, right here’s the TL;DR. That is my private listing of really helpful fish oils and algae oils for cats.
My #1 really helpful fish oil is: Nordic Naturals Omega-3 Cat
Different suggest fish oils embody:
Grizzly Omega Well being for Canine & Cats
Most interesting for Pets Omegease
Deley Naturals Fish Oil for Cats
Algae oils for cats:
Fera Pets Plant-based Omega 3s
Fish oil is liquid fats that’s squeezed, or in another method separated, from the physique tissues of oily fish.
This oil is a sort of polyunsaturated fats that accommodates vitamins known as omega-3 fatty acids.
Polyunsaturated fat are typically thought of to be wholesome fat.[1]
Omega-3 fatty acids are important vitamins for each cats and people.
“Important” simply implies that these vitamins are essential for well being, however that our our bodies can’t manufacture them. Cats and people alike must get fatty acids from the meals we eat.
There are literally 11 completely different sorts of omega-3 fatty acids that happen in meals,[2] however two of these fatty acids are particularly necessary.
The actually necessary ones are known as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, or DHA and EPA for brief. DHA and EPA are ample in fish oil.
These specific omega-3s are present in seafood, however they’re additionally present in meat and dairy from grass-fed animals, and eggs from chickens who stay open air on pasture.[3]
They’re additionally present in some algae, however I’ll get to that later.
The title “omega-3” refers back to the chemical construction of the fatty acid, which is a protracted chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms which are bonded collectively.
“Omega” is a Greek letter meaning “finish.”[4] There’s a double bond after the third carbon atom from the finish of the chain. The “3” in omega-3 is referring to that third carbon atom.[5]
There are different forms of fatty acids known as omega-6s, and these have their double bond after the sixth carbon atom from the tip.
It’s true that some crops produce omega-3 fatty acids. There are omega-3s in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.
However the sort of fatty acid in crops is alpha-linoleic acid (ALA for brief), not DHA or EPA.
ALA isn’t a necessary nutrient. It’s thought of “conditionally important,” as a result of the physique has to transform ALA to DHA and EPA.[6]
The human physique, sadly, doesn’t do an excellent job of changing. Solely about 1% of ALA will get transformed.[7]
However cats can’t convert ALA to DHA and EPA in any respect.[8] ALA is mainly ineffective to cats.
Fish oil merchandise can come from all kinds of fish and shellfish, together with:
- Salmon
- Mackerel
- Trout
- Eel
- Herring
- Tuna
- Menhaden
- Anchovy
- Sardines
- Shrimp
- Mussels
- Oysters
- Crabs[9][10][11][12][13]
There are two important advantages to utilizing fish oil made out of smaller fish, like sardines, mackerel, and anchovies.
- Fishing smaller fish is extra environmentally sustainable.
- Smaller fish include fewer toxins, reminiscent of heavy metals, PCBs, and dioxins, than huge fish, as a result of small fish are decrease on the meals chain.[14] Greater fish, which stay longer and eat extra, are likely to accumulate the toxins consumed by all the different fish they’ve eaten over the course of their lives.
There are numerous strategies of extracting oil from fish, and none of them are fairly. The objective is to separate the solids, water, and oil. The solids are used to create fishmeal, which is utilized in animal feed.
One of the frequent strategies of extracting fish oil on an industrial scale is “moist urgent.” The killed fish are cooked, and pressure is used to press the oils out from the tissues of the fish.[15]
Nevertheless it’s not the one option to extract fish oil. Solvents, together with chloroform, methanol, and petroleum ether can be utilized. Enzymes and acids, and one thing known as “supercritical fluid extraction,” which makes use of carbon dioxide to separate the oil from the flesh, can be utilized. There are strategies that use microwave power and ultrasound.
Every of the strategies has its benefits and drawbacks. Warmth and stress, for instance, can degrade the fish oil. Solvents can go away residues behind within the last product.[16]
After the fish oil is separated from the flesh, it must be refined to make it protected for cat (or human) consumption. The refining course of may embody de-gumming, neutralizing, bleaching, or deodorizing to supply a last product.[17]
As a result of there are such a lot of alternatives for fish oil to degrade throughout manufacturing, or for toxins and impurities to be current within the last product, not all fish oil is created equal.
We are going to talk about this matter in additional element under.
Fatty acids are vital to many bodily capabilities, from muscle exercise, to cell development, wound therapeutic, and immune response.
Fatty acids present power, assist soak up nutritional vitamins, and management irritation. They’re important for sustaining the pores and skin’s construction and moisture.[18]
Cats who will not be getting sufficient fatty acids of their diets will start to point out indicators, together with:
- A boring, dry coat
- Scaly pores and skin
- Irritated, crimson patches of pores and skin
- Scratching, rubbing, and itching
The longer a cat goes with out adequate fatty acids in her food plan, the more serious her signs will turn out to be. In cats with a extreme fatty-acid deficiency, you’ll see:
- Hair loss
- Painful rashes
- Greasy pores and skin, particularly on the ears and between the toes
- A bacterial an infection within the higher layers of pores and skin known as “secondary pyoderma”[19]
Including fish oil to the food plan may be useful to well being even when the human or animal isn’t displaying indicators of being poor in fatty acids.
There’s truly a variety of scientific analysis round the advantages of fish oil to people and canines.
Though there are fewer research in cats, science means that there may be advantages to including fish oil to most cats’ diets.[20]
DHA and EPA are anti-inflammatories and most of the potential makes use of of fish oil for cats look like in inflammatory illnesses, together with pores and skin allergy symptoms, dermatitis, arthritis, kidney illness, coronary heart illness, inflammatory bowel illness, diabetes, epilepsy, and a few forms of most cancers.[21]
Potential well being advantages of fish oil to cats embody:
Coronary heart
Fish oil can forestall a cat from creating an irregular coronary heart rhythm. It appears to forestall blood clots from forming in cats with coronary heart illness.[22] Fish oil additionally seems to assist decrease a cat’s blood triglyceride ranges and blood stress.[23]
Cognitive improvement and performance
Fish oil has been proven to assist mind improvement in younger animals. It has additionally been proven to assist lower the indicators of cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged cats.[24]
A 2013 examine confirmed that middle-aged cats carried out higher on three out of 4 cognitive assessments when their diets have been supplemented with a mix of vitamins, together with fish oil, than cats in a management group.[25]
Allergic reactions
One examine confirmed that fifty% of cats with allergic itchy pores and skin confirmed enchancment when important fatty acids have been added to their diets.[26]
Fish oil might scale back itching and enhance dry flaky pores and skin in cats by lowering the manufacturing of cytokines, which stimulate irritation.[27]
Kidney illness
In a examine of 146 cats with kidney illness, these fed diets supplemented with omega-3s lived a median of 17 months, in comparison with solely seven months for cats who didn’t obtain the dietary supplements.[28]
Fish oil might decrease blood stress, lower protein loss in urine, and scale back the manufacturing of inflammatory substances that irritate the kidneys.[29]
Arthritis
Research present that 22-72% of cats over age six have some type of arthritis.[30]
Fatty acids may help make arthritic cats extra snug by lowering the manufacturing of prostaglandins that stimulate irritation in joints.[31] Fatty acids can also block the enzymes that break down the cartilage in joints.[32]
A 20-week examine of 21 cats with arthritis, the cats who bought fish oil have been extra energetic, much less stiff, walked up and down stairs extra, jumped larger, and interacted with their guardians greater than the cats who got fishy-smelling corn oil.[33][34]
Imaginative and prescient
Fish oil has been proven to assist preserve eye well being in grownup cats, and assist eye improvement in kittens.[35]
Most cancers
Fish oil is at present being researched for therapy of most cancers in people and animals. Present analysis isn’t definitive, however suggests there is perhaps a profit.[36] Extra examine is required.
Immune system
A examine involving 43 wholesome cats confirmed the salmon oil had a optimistic impact on their immune techniques, making these cats extra possible to have the ability to struggle an infection and illness.[37]
Fish oil is a dietary complement, similar to nutritional vitamins, minerals, botanicals, enzymes, and probiotics.
Dietary supplements are often offered over-the-counter. In different phrases, you don’t want a prescription to buy most dietary supplements.
The truth that you should purchase a complement with no prescription doesn’t imply that dietary supplements can’t have highly effective, organic results. It solely means (within the U.S.) that they don’t seem to be regulated by the FDA like prescription drugs.
With out regulation, there may be vital variation between manufacturers. A producer can promote a complement with out having to show the effectiveness or security of the product. You, as a client, will get no assure that the substances on the label are correct.[38]
A 2013 examine regarded on the top-selling fish oil dietary supplements for people and located that greater than half of the merchandise didn’t include the quantity of EPA and DHA that the producers claimed. 1 / 4 of the merchandise have been rancid.[39]
What must you search for in a fish-oil product to your cat?
Wild, not farmed fish
Wild fish eat algae and plankton, that are the first supply of omega-3s.[40]
Farmed fish are fed pelleted fish meals, which can be made with fish trimmings, corn, rooster fats, soybeans, and different fillers. They might be given hormones or antibiotics to assist them develop shortly and to maintain illness below management, which is extra prevalent in farmed fish.
Each wild and farmed fish are uncovered to mercury and different contaminants.[41]
Triglyceride kind
There are not less than three completely different types of fish oil: triglyceride, ethyl ester (EE), and re-esterified triglyceride (rTG). The triglyceride kind is the pure kind, whereas the opposite two varieties are synthesized by a chemical course of.
The artificial varieties are often inexpensive, and will seem to have extra DHAs and EPAs than the pure kind. However they’re much less steady and look like extra poorly absorbed by the physique.[42][43]
Third-party examined
As a result of there is no such thing as a authorities oversight of fish oil manufacturing, any product you buy must be independently examined for efficiency and purity.
Respected fish-oil producers will make Certificates of Evaluation, performed by a 3rd celebration, for the precise batch of fish oil that you’ve bought, out there to you.
Molecularly distilled
Molecular distilling helps purify the fish oil. Contaminants, like mercury, PCBs, and dioxins are eliminated. What stays is concentrated fish oil.[44]
The drawback of molecularly distilled fish oil is that it may be dearer than fish oil that has not been purified.
Small serving dimension
Cats are nicely…cats. They are often finicky. You need a fish oil that’s straightforward to include into the food plan.
Search for a product with a serving dimension of 1 teaspoon, one capsule, or one to 2 treats per day.[45]
This isn’t an exhaustive listing, however the next are fish oil merchandise for cats from respected producers:
My #1 really helpful fish oil is:
Different suggest fish oils embody:
Deley Naturals Fish Oil for Cats
Grizzly Omega Well being for Canine & Cats
Most interesting for Pets Omegease
Fish oil is taken into account to be a really protected complement. Nonetheless, some cats might expertise gentle nausea or diarrhea once they first begin taking it. Begin with a decrease dose and work your method up slowly.
In excessive doses, fish oil may cause:
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Delayed wound therapeutic
- Sleepiness
- Fish odor to breath or pores and skin
- Elevated itchiness
- Oily coat
- Pores and skin flakes[46]
Make certain you’re following the dosing directions on the bottle, or these given by your veterinarian. But when your cat is displaying any of the above indicators, discontinue use of the fish oil.
Extra critical unintended effects from fish oil can happen, however not often. These would come with:
- Modifications within the blood’s skill to clot
- Pancreatitis (irritation of the pancreas)
- Irregular bleeding or bruising
- Delayed wound therapeutic
- Heavy metallic toxicity (which can seem as a lack of urge for food, incoordination, or seizures)[47][48]
Sure.
Nutritional vitamins, dietary supplements, and natural medicines all have the potential to work together with one another and prescription and over-the-counter medicines. Discuss to your vet earlier than including fish oil, or some other complement to your cat’s food plan.
Basically: don’t give fish oil to cats who’re additionally on anti-coagulant drugs as a result of fish oil can amplify the anti-clotting results of the drug.
Don’t give fish oil to cats taking the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDs).
The choice to provide your cat fish oil is one which it is best to make along with your vet.
Basically, fish oil must be used cautiously in cats who’re pregnant or nursing, in cats with diabetes, diarrhea, or a historical past of pancreatitis. It ought to in all probability not be given to cats with blood-clotting issues.
Fish oil is available in liquid kind or in a capsule.
The liquid format sometimes is available in a bottle with a pump. The label will inform you what number of pumps to provide your cat.
Most cats gained’t readily swallow a capsule, so you may minimize off the tip of the capsule and squeeze the contents into your cat’s bowl or onto his meals.
Fish oil doesn’t should be given with meals, however may be given with meals, particularly in cats with delicate stomachs.
Observe that you just won’t see the total impact that fish oil may have in your cat for a couple of weeks.[49]
Fish oil, particularly unopened bottles, must be saved in a cool, dry place, protected against daylight, which may trigger it to oxidize and turn out to be rancid.[50]
Some merchandise require refrigeration as soon as they’ve been opened. Learn the label of the product you’ve bought for directions.
We don’t know the utmost protected dose in cats. There’s appreciable analysis on fish oil in canines, however fewer research in cats.[51]
Observe the suggestions on the bottle, or out of your vet. Whereas a little bit fish oil is sweet, an excessive amount of won’t be, so measure what you give to your cat fastidiously.
You may give your cat her fish oil as quickly as you bear in mind, as long as it’s not too near the time of her subsequent dose.
Whether it is near the time for her subsequent dose, simply wait. Don’t give your cat two doses directly.
Don’t give your cat cod liver oil, or any fish oil with added vitamin A or D.
Cod liver oil is of course wealthy in vitamin A, and cats soak up vitamin A really readily. An excessive amount of vitamin A may be extraordinarily poisonous to cats, resulting in vomiting, drowsiness, irritability, and peeling pores and skin.
Over time, cats shed some pounds, develop extreme pores and skin issues, turn out to be constipated, and develop an excessive amount of bone. Motion turns into painful and restricted.[52]
It’s additionally attainable for a cat to get an excessive amount of vitamin D. Vitamin D poisoning may cause an elevated respiratory charge, issue respiratory, bleeding within the intestines, gradual coronary heart charge, irregular coronary heart rhythms, mineralization of physique tissues, and even loss of life.[53]
Seed oils, together with flaxseed and canola oil, are poor sources of EPA and DHA. Like most plant-based sources of fatty acids, flax merchandise have excessive concentrations of ALA which must be transformed to EPA and DHA by the physique.
Cats have nearly no skill to transform ALA to DHA or EPA.[54]
Algae are organisms that stay in water. They’re not crops, though, like crops, many algae are inexperienced as a result of they include chlorophyll. Algae additionally carry out photosynthesis the best way crops do, turning daylight and carbon dioxide into power.
Algae is definitely the first supply for the omega-3s in fish oil. Fish don’t truly manufacture their very own EPA and DHA. They get omega-3s from the microalgae and plankton (tiny organisms that eat microalgae) that they eat.
Sure algae produce excessive ranges of EPA and DHA, and a few producers are making fish-oil alternate options from these species of algae grown in laboratories on land.
There are some advantages of algae oil versus fish oil:
- Algae oil is extra sustainable. Algae is a renewable useful resource. Fish oil dietary supplements can contribute to overfishing, air pollution of the ocean, and destruction of marine habitats.
- Algae oil is cleaner as a result of it’s grown in a managed atmosphere, protected against environmental pollution. Fish, even farmed fish, are uncovered to water air pollution, together with harmful heavy metals like mercury, and microplastics.
Is algae oil protected for cats?
Algae oil seems to be a protected and healthful various to fish oil for cats.
A 2020 examine of cats who got algae oil previous to turning into pregnant, after which adopted by their being pregnant and lactation, and their kittens adopted for 32 weeks of life, confirmed that algae oil is protected.
This examine additionally confirmed that the omega-3s in algae oil have been nicely absorbed by cats.[55]
However as all the time, if you’re considering of supplementing your cat’s food plan with algae oil, test along with your vet first.
Listed below are some algae oils which are manufactured particularly for canines and cats:
Fera Pets Plant-based Omega 3s
There could also be two potential questions right here: one about pet fish oils that decision themselves “human-grade,” and the opposite about fish oils supposed for people.
Human-grade fish oil
Some fish oils which are manufactured for pets declare to be “human-grade.”
The Affiliation of American Feed Management Officers (AAFCO) defines human-grade to imply that each ingredient in a pet meals or complement product be saved, dealt with, processed, and transported the best way meals designed to be eaten by people could be.
Human-grade fish oil is fish oil that’s made in a producing plant that’s licensed to supply human meals, and dealt with the best way human meals is dealt with.[56]
This doesn’t imply, essentially, that the human-grade fish oil is of upper high quality, or is more healthy. It solely implies that it was made in a human-food manufacturing facility, versus a pet-food manufacturing facility.
There are some human-food crops that hardly meet the minimal requirements and pet-food crops which have very excessive requirements.
Fish oil for people
Follow fish-oil merchandise designed for cats.
Fish oil supposed for people has human dosing on the label, so it might be tough to know precisely how a lot of those sorts of merchandise you ought to be giving a cat.
Additionally, human fish oil merchandise may include flavorings, fillers, substances, or capsule coatings which are toxic to cats.
No.
Constipation may be the results of various completely different circumstances or issues, together with dehydration, litter-box points, bowel obstructions, and sure illnesses, and fish oil doesn’t get to the basis of any of those issues, and even present momentary aid.
Constipation isn’t one thing to be taken calmly in cats. It could possibly turn out to be critical in a short time. Learn this publish on cats and constipation for extra info.
No.
One of the simplest ways to forestall hairballs is to forestall your cat from swallowing an excessive amount of hair. And one of the simplest ways to try this is with common grooming.
Hairball merchandise, like Laxatone, are sometimes petroleum-based, which means that they coat the hair, serving to it slide on by the digestive tract. They aren’t digested.
Fish oil, in contrast, is absorbed by a cat’s physique, which is strictly what you need it to do.
Learn this publish on cats and hairballs for extra info.
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Daybreak LaFontaine is a lifelong animal lover who all the time appears to have a little bit pet hair in her keyboard. Her weblog, Kitty Contemplations, helps cat guardians higher perceive and look after the particular beings they share their lives and houses with. Her cat-products enterprise, Cat within the Field, sells lovely, well-made, and award-winning merchandise that she designed to fulfill the organic wants of cats.
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FOOTNOTES
[1] Walle, Gavin Van De. “Polyunsaturated Fats: Definition, Meals, Advantages and Dangers.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 12 July 2023, www.healthline.com/vitamin/polyunsaturated-fat.
[2] Hjalmarsdottir, Freydis. “The three Most Essential Sorts of Omega-3 Fatty Acids.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 27 Could 2019, www.healthline.com/vitamin/3-types-of-omega-3#_noHeaderPrefixedContent.
[3] ibid.
[4] “Omega Definition & Which means.” Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/omega. Accessed 18 Mar. 2024.
[5] Solomon, Dr. Donna. “Fish Oil for Canine and Cats: Six Advantages.” Animal Medical Heart of Chicago, 15 Aug. 2018, www.animalmedicalcenterofchicago.com/fish-oil-for-dogs-and-cats-six-benefits/.
[6] “Omega-3 Fatty Acids: An Important Contribution.” The Vitamin Supply, 14 Sept. 2023, www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/types-of-fat/omega-3-fats/.
[7] “Alpha-Linolenic Acid.” Mount Sinai Well being System, www.mountsinai.org/health-library/complement/alpha-linolenic-acid. Accessed 18 Mar. 2024.
[8] Heinze, Cailin R. “The Skinny on Fats: Half 2 – Important Fatty Acids and Irritation.” Scientific Vitamin Service at Cummings Faculty, 16 Mar. 2022, vetnutrition.tufts.edu/2018/04/essential-fatty-acids-and-inflammation/.
[9] “Fish Oil.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Basis for Medical Schooling and Analysis, 10 Aug. 2023, www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-fish-oil/art-20364810.
[10] “Fish Oil: Overview, Makes use of, Aspect Results, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Evaluations.” WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/nutritional vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-993/fish-oil. Accessed 14 Mar. 2024.
[11] “11 Essential Advantages of Fish Oil, Based mostly on Science.” Healthline, Healthline Media, www.healthline.com/vitamin/benefits-of-fish-oil#nutritional-info. Accessed 14 Mar. 2024.
[12] Hjalmarsdottir, Freydis. “The three Most Essential Sorts of Omega-3 Fatty Acids.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 27 Could 2019, www.healthline.com/vitamin/3-types-of-omega-3#_noHeaderPrefixedContent.
[13] Cathy Barnette, DVM. “The Advantages of Fish Oil for Cats.” Pet Care Weblog – Canine and Cat Well being Recommendation and Extra | Wholesome Paws, 23 Could 2022, weblog.healthypawspetinsurance.com/benefits-fish-oil-cats.
[14] “Fish Oil Recipe & Vitamin – Precision Vitamin’s Encyclopedia of Meals.” Precision Vitamin, 4 July 2019, www.precisionnutrition.com/encyclopedia/meals/fish-oil.
[15] Bonilla-Méndez, Jeimmy Rocío, and José Luis Hoyos-Concha. “Strategies of Extraction, Refining and Focus of Fish Oil as a Supply of Omega-3 Fatty Acids.” Corpoica. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, www.redalyc.org/journal/4499/449956975010/html/. Accessed 14 Mar. 2024.
[16] Yi M, You Y, Zhang Y, Wu G, Karrar E, Zhang L, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Extremely Invaluable Fish Oil: Formation Course of, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters. Molecules. 2023 Jan 9;28(2):672. doi: 10.3390/molecules28020672. PMID: 36677730; PMCID: PMC9865908. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9865908/
[17] Bonilla-Méndez, Jeimmy Rocío, and José Luis Hoyos-Concha. “Strategies of Extraction, Refining and Focus of Fish Oil as a Supply of Omega-3 Fatty Acids.” Corpoica. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria, www.redalyc.org/journal/4499/449956975010/html/. Accessed 14 Mar. 2024.
[18] Integricare. “Information on Fish Oil for Cats [Benefits, Types, VET-Recommended Brands].” Weblog, COMPANYNAME, 19 June 2023, assets.integricare.ca/weblog/fish-oil-for-cats.
[19] ibid.
[20] “Fish Oil for Canine & Cats: Dosage and Well being Advantages.” Nordic Naturals, www.nordic.com/healthy-science/fish-oil-for-dogs-and-cats/. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.
[21] “Fish Oil: VCA Animal Hospital: VCA Animal Hospitals.” Vca, vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/fish-oil. Accessed 15 Mar. 2024.
[22] Solomon, Dr. Donna. “Fish Oil for Canine and Cats: Six Advantages.” Animal Medical Heart of Chicago, 15 Aug. 2018, www.animalmedicalcenterofchicago.com/fish-oil-for-dogs-and-cats-six-benefits/.
[23] “Ought to I Use Fish Oil for Cats?” Paramount Pet Well being, Paramount Pet Well being, 28 Aug. 2023, www.paramountpethealth.com/blogs/articles/should-i-use-fish-oil-for-cats.
[24] Pan Y, Araujo JA, Burrows J, et al. Cognitive enhancement in middle-aged and previous cats with dietary supplementation with a nutrient mix containing fish oil, B nutritional vitamins, antioxidants and arginine. British Journal of Vitamin. 2013;110(1):40-49. doi:10.1017/S0007114512004771. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/cognitive-enhancement-in-middleaged-and-old-cats-with-dietary-supplementation-with-a-nutrient-blend-containing-fish-oil-b-vitamins-antioxidants-and-arginine/8FBEA082FB6AF1D95215F
[25] ibid
[26] Shipstone, Michael. “Hormonal Therapy for Integumentary Illness in Animals – Pharmacology.” Merck Veterinary Handbook, Merck Veterinary Handbook, 29 Feb. 2024, www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system/hormonal-treatment-for-integumentary-disease-in-animals.
[27] Solomon, Dr. Donna. “Fish Oil for Canine and Cats: Six Advantages.”.
[28] Deborah E. Linder, DVM. “Ought to I Give Fish Oil to My Pet?” Scientific Vitamin Service at Cummings Faculty, 25 Oct. 2018, vetnutrition.tufts.edu/2018/06/should-i-give-fish-oil-to-my-pet/.
[29] Solomon, Dr. Donna. “Fish Oil for Canine and Cats: Six Advantages.”.
[30] “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Arthritis in Cats.” PetMD, www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/ktudor/2013/jan/omega-3-fatty-acids-fish-oils-and-arthritis-in-cats-29779. Accessed 15 Mar. 2024.
[31] Solomon, Dr. Donna. “Fish Oil for Canine and Cats: Six Advantages.”
[32] “Ought to I Use Fish Oil for Cats?” Paramount Pet Well being, Paramount Pet Well being, 28 Aug. 2023, www.paramountpethealth.com/blogs/articles/should-i-use-fish-oil-for-cats.
[33] “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Arthritis in Cats.” PetMD, www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/ktudor/2013/jan/omega-3-fatty-acids-fish-oils-and-arthritis-in-cats-29779. Accessed 15 Mar. 2024.
[34] Corbee RJ, Barnier MM, van de Lest CH, Hazewinkel HA. The impact of dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on proprietor’s notion of behaviour and locomotion in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2013 Oct;97(5):846-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01329.x. Epub 2012 Aug 11. PMID: 22882740. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22882740/
[35] “Ought to I Use Fish Oil for Cats?” Paramount Pet Well being.
[36] “Most cancers Vitamin: Proof-Based mostly Approaches (Proceedings).” DVM 360, www.dvm360.com/view/cancer-nutrition-evidence-based-approaches-proceedings. Accessed 18 Mar. 2024.
[37] Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ, Hendriks WH, Morel PC, Thomas DG. The potential for enhancement of immunity in cats by dietary supplementation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2013 Apr 15;152(3-4):333-40. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.007. Epub 2013 Jan 21. PMID: 23385006. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385006/
[38] “Fish Oil: VCA Animal Hospital: VCA Animal Hospitals.” Vca, vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/fish-oil. Accessed 15 Mar. 2024.
[39] Ritter JC, Budge SM, Jovica F. High quality evaluation of business fish oil preparations. J Sci Meals Agric. 2013 Jun;93(8):1935-9. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5994. Epub 2012 Dec 17. PMID: 23255124. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23255124/
[40] Integricare. “Information on Fish Oil for Cats [Benefits, Types, VET-Recommended Brands].”
[41] “Wild Caught vs. Farm Raised Seafood.” Faculty of Well being and Human Sciences, 27 Feb. 2020, chhs.supply.colostate.edu/wild-caught-vs-farm-raised-seafood/.
[42] Solomon, Dr. Donna. “Fish Oil for Canine and Cats: Six Advantages.”
[43] “Triglyceride Type.” Absorption of Fish Oil, Nordic Naturals, www.nordicnaturals.com/pictures/supportMaterials/PDFs/TriglycerideForm.pdf. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.
[44] Kutty, Vin. “Molecularly Distilled Fish Oil.” OmegaVia, 17 Sept. 2019, omegavia.com/molecularly-distilled-fish-oil/.
[45] Integricare. “Information on Fish Oil for Cats [Benefits, Types, VET-Recommended Brands].”
[46] “Fish Oil: VCA Animal Hospital: VCA Animal Hospitals.”
[47] ibid.
[48] Cathy Barnette, DVM. “The Advantages of Fish Oil for Cats.”
[49] “Fish Oil: VCA Animal Hospital: VCA Animal Hospitals.”
[50] “Revealed: Many Frequent Omega-3 Fish Oil Dietary supplements Are ‘Rancid.’” The Guardian, Guardian Information and Media, 17 Jan. 2022, www.theguardian.com/atmosphere/2022/jan/17/revealed-many-common-omega-3-fish-oil-supplements-are-rancid.
[51] Cathy Barnette, DVM. “The Advantages of Fish Oil for Cats.”
[52] “Vitamin A Poisoning in Cats: VCA Animal Hospitals.” Vca, vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/vitamin-a-toxicosis-in-cats. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.
[53] “Vitamin D Poisoning in Cats: VCA Animal Hospitals.”
[54] Solomon, Dr. Donna. “Fish Oil for Canine and Cats: Six Advantages.”
[55] Vuorinen A, Bailey-Corridor E, Karagiannis A, Yu S, Roos F, Sylvester E, Wilson J, Dahms I. Security of Algal Oil Containing EPA and DHA in cats throughout gestation, lactation and development. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2020 Sep;104(5):1509-1523. doi: 10.1111/jpn.13324. Epub 2020 Feb 18. PMID: 32072702; PMCID: PMC7540550. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32072702/
[56] Heinze, Cailin R. “Human Grade: Ought to Pets Eat the Similar Meals That We Do?” Scientific Vitamin Service at Cummings Faculty, 16 Mar. 2022, vetnutrition.tufts.edu/2019/02/human-grade/?_ga=2.30134397.395729341.1711034530-1204458673.1711034530.
